Football hooliganism is unruly and destructive behaviour—such as brawls, vandalism and intimidation—by association football club fans.[1] Fights between supporters of rival teams may take place before or after football matches at pre-arranged locations away from stadiums, in order to avoid arrests by the police, or they can erupt spontaneously at the stadium or in the surrounding streets. Football hooliganism can range from shouts and small-scale fistfights and disturbances to huge riots where firms attack each other withdeadly weapons such as sports bats, bottles, rocks, and knives.[2] In some cases, stadium brawls have caused fans to flee in panic; some being injured when fences or walls collapsed.[3] In the most extreme cases, hooligans, police, and bystanders have been killed, and riot police have intervened with tear gas,armoured vehicles and water cannon.[4]
A football firm (also known as a hooligan firm) is a gang formed solely to oppose and physically attack supporters of other clubs. Some firms exist to promote fringe political causes, both on the far Left and Right, with the football aspect of the club of minimal importance behind the promotion of their political ideals through violence. The firms' political views are not representative of all supporters of the teams. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the casual subculture transformed the British football hooliganism scene. Instead of wearing working class skinhead-style clothes, which readily identified hooligans to the police, firm members began wearing designer clothes and expensive offhand sportswear.
Football hooliganism has been depicted in films such as: I.D., The Firm, Cass, The Football Factory, Green Street, Rise of the Footsoldier and Awaydays. There are also many books about hooliganism, such as The Football Factory and Among the Thugs. Some critics argue that these media representations glamorise violence and the hooligan lifestyle.
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